Overstaying makes them ineligible to change status inside the U.S., so they may need to leave and apply from abroad.

If unlawful presence exceeds 180 days, they may face a 3- or 10-year reentry bar.

Some employers may still file an H-1B petition, but consular processing is usually required.

If they qualify for certain waivers, they may still be able to adjust in specific circumstances.