It depends on what kind of visa you applied for if you applied for a work visa like H-1B, L-1, or O-1, losing the job can affect your visa status.

If your visa depends on your job like H-1B, losing the job could make your pending visa application invalid.

 If you are on an H-1B, L-1, or other work visa, you may have 60 days to find a new job, transfer your visa, or change your status.

 If your Form I-485 Green Card is pending based on a job, and it's been pending for more than 180 days, you may be able to "port" switch to a new, similar job.