Yes, you can apply for a green card while in the US on a valid work visa, but you'll need to meet eligibility requirements and go through the adjustment of status process

If you have a valid work visa, you can file Form I-485, Application to Register Permanent Residence or Adjust Status, with USCIS, but your visa status must be valid when you file

You can pursue a green card through adjustment of status if you have a qualifying family relationship or employment sponsorship, and your current work visa status allows you to remain in the US during the application process