Your ability to return depends completely on the type of status you currently hold. If you're on a nonimmigrant visa, you must make sure it will still be valid when you come back, or you may need to apply for a new one from abroad. Always check the visa expiration date and entry restrictions before leaving.

If you’re already a permanent resident, traveling for a full year without a re-entry permit can be risky and may be viewed as abandoning residency. In that case, applying for a re-entry permit before you leave would protect your ability to return. It shows USCIS that you intend to keep your U.S. residence.

If you’re on any temporary status with pending immigration applications, traveling could automatically cancel certain filings, especially adjustment of status. It’s important to review your exact situation with an immigration attorney before committing to a year abroad. A short consultation can save you from unexpected complications at the border.